Whitlock RP, Devereaux PJ, Teoh KH, Lamy A, Vincent J, Pogue J. Selected Chronological Bibliography of Biology and Medicine: IIIA Selected Chronological Bibliography of Biology and Medicine — Part III. Compiled by James Southworth Steen, Ph. D. Delta State University. Dedicated to my loving family. This document celebrates those secondary authors and laboratory technicianswithout whom most of this great labor of discovery would have proved impossible. Registration involved the use of a manual method based on definition of homologous volume structures. Manual of Cardiovascular Medicine. The GUSTO V Investigators. Please forward any editorial comments to. John D. Tiftickjian, Jr., Ph. D. Professor Emeritus of Biology. Delta State University. Box 3. 26. 2, Cleveland, MS 3. The death of this child appearing to be inevitable, I decided, not without lively and sore anxiety, as may well be believed, to try upon Joseph Meister the method which I had found constantly successful with dogs. I thus made thirteen inoculations, and prolonged the treatment to ten days. On the last days, therefore, I had inoculated Joseph Meister with the most virulent virus of rabies. The object of the graphic methods is to get around these two obstacles; to grasp fine details which would be otherwise unobserved; and to transcribe them with a clarity superior to that of our words. The first insecticide (arsenic) was recommended for use in soil to control insects damaging plant roots (3. Paul Ehrlich (DE) observed that certain vital dyes administered intravenously to small animals stained all of the organs except the brain. He interpreted this to mean that the brain had a lower affinity for the dye than the other tissues (1. Max Lewandowsky (DE) coined the phrase blood- brain barrier (Bluthirnschranke) (2. Edwin Ellen Goldmann (DE) injected dye into the spinal fluid of the brain directly. He found that in this case the brain would become dyed, but the rest of the body would not. In light of Ehrlich’s finding this clearly demonstrated the existence of some sort of barrier between the two (1. These experiments demonstrated that the central nervous system is separated from the blood by a barrier of some kind, i. Lina Salomonovna Stern (LT- CH- RU) and Raymond Gautier (CH) proposed the existence of a blood- brain barrier (hemato- encephalic barrier) (3. Reese (US) and Morris John Karnovsky (US), Milton W. Brightman (US), Yngve Olsson (SE), and Igor Klatzo (RU- LT- PL- CA- US) identified the site of the blood- brain barrier as the vascular endothelial cells of the brain of all vertebrates with the exception of the elasmobranch fishes. In elasmobranchs glial cells form the blood- brain barrier (4. Michael W. B. Bradbury (GB) reported that the blood- brain- barrier is formed by a complex cellular system of endothelial cells, astroglia, pericytes, perivascular macrophages, and a basal lamina where lipid soluble substances easily penetrate the cerebral endothelial plasma membranes and readily attain equilibrium between blood and brain tissue (4. Robert Behrend (DE) and Adolf Pinner (DE) coined the words uracil and pyrimidine respectively (2. Thomas Richard Fraser (GB) was the first to isolate strophanthinic acid, a cardioactive glycoside, from the strophanthus plant (1. Albert Fraenkel (DE) produced an injectable form of strophanthinic acid (1. Raphael Horace Du. Bois (FR) reported the first definitive experiments regarding the nature of the chemical components necessary for light production by organisms. He found that the luminous organs of a beetle would cease to emit light if immersed in hot water. He also noted, however, that a cold water extract, which ceased to luminesce, could be stimulated to emit light by adding the hot- water extract. He proposed that the hot water extract contained a substance stable to heat, luciferine, which was destroyed during its luminescent oxidation by a catalyst, luciferase, present in the cold- water extract. Du. Bois coined both luciferine (luciferin) and luciferase (9. E. Newton Harvey (US) found that certain fish possess light organs, which contain luminous bacteria as the source of their luminescence (1. William David Mc. Elroy (US), and Bernard L. Strehler (US) found that ATP could phosphorylate luciferin (2. In fireflies when luciferan- phosphate is split, light is emitted. Shimon Ulitzur (IL) and J. Woodland Hastings (US) reported that the light- emitting reaction of luminous bacteria involves a luciferase- catalyzed oxidation of reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2) by molecular oxygen, with the concomitant oxidation of a long- chain aliphatic aldehyde, probably tetradecanal (3. George John Romanes (GB) examined conduction in jellyfish as part of his exploration of the evolution of mental processes in animals. Through clever cutting experiments Romanes demonstrated that contractile waves are conducted diffusely across the subumbrella epithelium of the jellyfish Aurelia and will spread between any two blocks of subumbrellar tissue so long as a bridge of intact tissue larger than a millimeter or so in width joins these (2. The diffuse conduction demonstrated physiologically by Romanes was consistent with the diffuse distribution of the nerve cells found in histological studies. George Howard Parker (GB) used the cut and stimulate approach of Romanes and found that conduction in the column of anemones is also diffuse. Parker proposed (incorrectly) that conduction in the cells of the coelenterate nerve net is graded, and not all- or- nothing as in axons of higher animals (2. Carl Frederick Abel Pantin (GB) demonstrated a through- conducting nerve net, a locally conducting nerve net with interneural facilitation, and a group of muscles with differing requirements for neuromuscular facilitation (2. Elizabeth Joan Batham (GB) and Carl Frederick Abel Pantin (GB) found that even under constant conditions anemones periodically expand, contract, sway, and even move about by gliding on the pedal disk (2. Ian D. Mc. Farlane (GB) showed that there is not just one but rather several conducting systems in the column of anemones; a rapidly conducting system, probably the column nerve net, and at least two slow systems (2. Ludwig Edinger (DE) and Paul Emil Flechsig (DE) discovered that many dorsal root fibers, after ascending in the dorsal column, affect synapses in the bulbar nuclei with secondary neurons, which pass to the thalamus (1. Heinrich Lissauer (DE) provided a description of the dorso- lateral tract, a bundle of fibers between the apex of the posterior horn and the surface of the spinal cord marrow that was to become known as Lissauer's tract. They transmit surface sensibility, pain and temperature sensibility (2. Henry Pickering Bowditch (US) demonstrated the indefatigability of nerves. This was accomplished by paralyzing the motor nerve- endings in the muscle with curare, the first experiment in producing a functional nerve block with a drug (4. Eduard Aronsohn (DE) and Julius von Sachs (DE) discovered that the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus is the body’s thermoregulatory center. When stimulated this center caused an increase in body temperature (9. Henry Gray Barbour (US) confirmed the finding of Aronsohn and Sachs (1. Robert Georg Isenschmid (DE) and Albrecht Ludolph von Krehl (DE) discovered a second heat- control center in the brain posterior to first heat center. Stimulation of this center caused a decrease in body temperature and a loss of thermoregulation after transection (1. Hans H. Meyer (AT) was the first to suggest that body temperature is regulated by a balance between two centers: one functioning to prevent heat gain (the anterior hypothalamus) and the other functioning to prevent heat loss (the posterior hypothalamus) (2. Johann Friedrich Miescher- R. In a classic phrase inspired by the insight of genius he wrote: “Over the oxygen supply of the body carbon dioxide spreads its protecting wings” (2. Theodor Boveri (DE) followed the embryonic development of enucleated eggs of one species of sea urchin, Sphaerechinus, when they were fertilized with the spermatozoa of other species of sea urchin, Psammechinus or Paracentrotus. The results indicated that before gastrulation the chromosomes exert only general effects; after gastrulation, the factors for species- specific characters come into play, in interaction between nucleus and cytoplasm. This was the first expression of the concept of phase- specific and time- bound action of genes during development. It attributed to the cytoplasm a more specialized significance than had heretofore been acknowledged. Boveri referred to the development of sperm fertilized enucleated ova as merogony (4. Sydney Ringer (GB) postulated the existence of an endogenous “digitalis” in mammals (2. Albert Imre Szent- Gy. Aligeri (IT) discovered that the initial products of degeneration in myelinated nerve fibers could be stained selectively by osmic acid after preliminary mordanting with potassium bichromate. This method is still used to trace the origin, course, and destination of fiber connections in both experimental and clinicopathological material (2. Gustav Hauser (DE) was the first to describe the bacterial genus Proteus, named for the Greek sea god Proteus because it is pleomorphic and appears in many different sizes and shapes (1. Paul Clemens von Baumgarten (DE) clarified what is taking place at the tissue level during the tuberculous processes (3. David Douglas Cunningham (GB), in 1. Peter F. Borovsky (RU), in 1. Leishmania (3. 98, 7. Borovsky is also referred to as Alfred Borovsky. James Homer Wright (US) accurately described Leishmania tropica, the causative agent of oriental sore, also known as Delhi boil, or tropical ulcer (3. William Boog Leishman (GB) and Charles Donovan (IE) discovered a protozoan in the spleens of patients who died of the disease known variously as kala- azar (Hindu for black fever), dum- dum fever, tropical splenomegaly, and leishmaniasis (9. The causative agent was later named Leishmania donovani in their honor. Frederick George Novy (US) and Rudolph E. Knapp (US) discovered, identified, and cultured the spirochete of American relapsing fever, Spirochaeta novyi (2.
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Superconductor Terminology and the Naming Scheme. Anneal: To heat and then slowly cool a material to reduce brittleness. Annealing of ceramic superconductors usually. Materials Research Print version ISSN 1516-1439On-line version ISSN 1980-5373 Mat. 2009 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516. Superconductor Terms. Superconductor Terminologyand the Naming Scheme. Anneal: To heat and then slowly cool. Annealing of ceramic superconductors. The oxygen content of a ceramic superconductor. For example, YBCO with 6. But YBCO with 6. 5 atoms will. Click here. to see a graphical representation of this. Anti- ferromagnetism: A state of matter. Such materials display almost no response to an external magnetic. The theory asserts that, as electrons. These phonons produce. And, a 2nd bowling ball, placed. For more on this, click here. BSCCO: An acronym for a ceramic superconductor. Bismuth, Strontium, Calcium, Copper and Oxygen. BSCCO has probably found the widest. Tc superconductor applications due to its unique. BSCCO compounds exhibit both an intrinsic Josephson effect. The best- known of these are the copper- perovskites. Ceramics are typically. ![]() Charge Reservoirs: In superconductors. In the layered cuprates, these consist of copper- oxide. Chevrel (phases): A class of molybdenum. Group VI elements S, Se or Te along. Roger Chevrel of. University of Rennes, whose research brought them to the attention of the. ISASI 2010 Proceedings Terminal ballistics, (also known as wound ballistics) a sub-field of ballistics, is the study of the behavior and effects of a projectile when it hits its target and. Recently, the Superconductivity Group. University of Durham (UK) reported a novel fabrication technique that increases Hc. Pb. Mo. 6S8 from 5. T in bulk materials up to > 1. T. Click. HERE to read a . Or click. to see a short list of some of these compounds alongside their Tc's. Coherence Length: The size of a cooper pair - . This is typically on the order of 1. Cooper Pair: Two electrons that appear. However, since only a small fraction of the. The DAC is used to accomplish this in the laboratory. The gasket goes between the. Since neither. the diamonds nor the liquid will compress, hydrostatic forces in excess of a. Many naturally- occurring. But, as a rule, the onset of. To see a short movie of a magnet being levitated. D- Wave: A form of electron pairing in. Click here to see a graphic. Energy Gap: This is the energy required to break up a pair of electrons. And where Tc is the critical transition temperature in Kelvin. This is another mechanism by which. Simply put, ESR is the response. Nearby electrons are. When the moments are complementary. They are included on this page because many of the. Ba, Sr, Tm, O) are also key constituents. This may be an important clue in understanding. Ferromagnetism: A. This. contrasts with paramagnetism, which is temporary, much weaker and. Flux- Lattice: A configuration created. Type 2. superconductor. The tiny magnetic moments within each resulting vortex repel each other. Fluxon: The smallest magnetic flux. Just as electrons are quantized. The term is used in association. Type 2 superconductors in single fluxon quanta. This pinning binds the superconductor to the. Flux- pinning is only possible when there are. Flux- pinning is desirable in high- temperature. Wires. are attached to a material at four points with a conductive adhesive. Through. two of these points a voltage is applied and, if the material is conductive. Then, if any resistance. Ohm's law (voltage equals current times resistance). By using. the four- point method, instead of just two points, resistance in the adhesive. Hall Effect: When a magnetic field is applied. This voltage is. proportional to the strength of the applied field. However, the output is typically not linear. The Hall. resistance (the ratio of the Hall voltage to the current) changes in steps, pursuant to the laws of. This is known as the Integral Quantum Hall Effect or just Quantum Hall Effect. Hall, a. graduate student at Johns Hopkins University. Hc: The scientific notation representing. Research suggests cooper- pairing in. Hole: A positively- charged vacancy within. However. they can also be synthesized electronically with. FET). There is evidence that the holes of hypocharged oxygen in charge- reservoirs. HTS: An acronym for . There is no widely- accepted temperature that separates. HTS from LTS (Low- Temperature Superconductors). However, all the superconductors known. LTS. And, at some point superconductivity will completely disappear, as it. However, as the magnetic field is gradually withdrawn, the superconductor may. NOT immediately return to a superconductive state. Herein lies the hysteresis. The graph of H- vs- Tc. Rather than electrostatic. While 1. 98. Hg has a Tc of 4. K. Also note that, as the current flowing through a superconductor. Tc will usually decrease. Josephson Effect (also DC Josephson Effect): A. Cambridge graduate student Brian Josephson, who predicted. It has been theorized that. Josephson Effect arises from the incoherent phase relationships between. Sidebar: The standard volt is now defined as. GHz in a Josephson. Junction. Kelvin: A scale of temperature measurement. To see a movie of a magnet being levitated by a. Although it has one conduction electron (or hole) per Cu site, each Cu. O2 plane is originally insulating. That behavior is typical of the Mott insulator state, in which all the conduction. The superconducting state emerges when holes from the blocking layers dope the. Cu. O2 layers in a way that alters the number of conduction electrons and triggers the Mott transition. Researchers believe. Mott- insulating Cu. O2 sheets and persists into the. To read more about this, click HERE. Organics: Organic superconductors are. C6. 0. compounds). They may also be referred to as . For a more technical explanation and the actual formula to calculate penetration. They are the most abundant minerals on earth and have. Copper- oxide superconductors. The perovskite name comes from Russian mineralogist. Count Lev Aleksevich von Perovski. Phase- Slip (also Quantum Phase- Slip). A point where a material in a superconductive state spontaneously changes. Though bulk. superconductivity may persist (T& LT; Tc), one consequence of phase slip is a. A similar phenomenon occurs in Josephson Junctions. This weight disparity results in periodic compression of interposed oxygen atoms and may be an essential. Click HERE. to read the original news story announcing this discovery in 2. The Josephson junction is a device that takes. The Inverse Proximity Effect is where just the. A non- superconductive metal can enhance the Tc of an adjacent superconductor. Quasiparticles. behave similarly to bare (normal) particles, but usually have a larger. Quench: The phenomenon where superconductivity. Jc) or the maximum magnetic field it can withstand. Hc). Re- entrant (behavior): A condition where a. This can be. caused by a strong external magnetic field that dynamically exceeds the Hc of the material and/or. Tc (in the case of some borocarbides). Jc hysteresis (momentarily exceeding the critical current density, causing the. Tc to shift downward). In. a superconductor all resistance disappears below a certain temperature. However, this applies. DC) electricity. Other types of losses result when. AC). Examples of this include hysteresis, reactive- coupling. In the new high- temperature ceramic superconductors. This limitation. can be compensated for to some degree by increasing the ratio of voltage to current. But, its existence was fleeting and no measurement of the Meissner effect was possible. Several copper- oxide superconductors have displayed. RTSC. But the volume fraction (percentage) of material was so low as to be unusable until a. To read more on the latest of these discoveries, click. HERE. Sinter: The process of heating a material. An extended period of sintering. Since ceramic. superconductors are inherently brittle, sintering helps promote intergranular. SQUID: A superconducting loop interrupted. Josephson junctions. When sufficient electrical current. The SQUID, an acronym for. Superconducting QUantum Interference Device, is the most sensitive detector. Click here to see a graphic. Stripes: Stripes are microscopic rivers. Type 2 superconductor. It is. theorized that stripes encourage . Recently, at the Stripes 2. Rome, Italy, it was shown that there exists a critical value of. Cu. O2 planes for stripes to form. All known superconductors are solids. None are gases or liquids. Scientists. refer to superconductivity as a . In addition. to being classified Type 1 and Type 2, superconductors can be categorized. But some compounds, like surface- doped Na. WO3. and some organic superconductors are 2- D. Li. 2Cu. O2 and single- walled. D superconductivity. In addition to repelling. However, on this website it is used in. Magnetic susceptibility is often. Although, on occasion, the two techniques produce. Tc's. In a typical superconductor, the (arbitrary). Tc. However, in. some materials it changes from positive to negative, as paramagnetism. S- Wave: A form of electron pairing in. The sudden loss of resistance in a superconductive. Click here. to see a graphic example. This can involve Pulsed- Laser Deposition (PLD) or Pulsed- Electron. Deposition (PED) of the material. The supporting material acts as a molecular . Superconductive tape is made using thin film deposition. Translational Symmetry: As it applies to. In a normal conductor, latent heat continuously vibrates the. The term was originally coined to describe Nax. WO3. compounds; the crystals of which look much like the copper- tin alloy known as bronze. This material. was the first high- temperature superconductor discovered that does not contain. Ultraconductor: Materials known as. Examples of these materials include oxidized atactic polypropylene (OAPP). Some of them may actually find acceptance in high- current. These are particularly evident in Type. Superconductivity is completely suppressed within these volcano- shaped structures. This was. the first truly . Its actual molecular formula is YBa. Cu. 3O7. making it a . YBCO compounds exhibit d- wave electron pairing. For example, the compound Y1. Ba. 2Cu. 3O7. is often referred to by the 3- number name . This delineates the number. Using the 4- number scheme, it would be classified. |
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